PREPOSITION

PREPOSITION

Preposition is a word that can change shape and are usually placed in front of the noun or noun equivalent (noun-equivalent, including pronouns) to consider a certain relationship views the other words in sentences. Noun or noun equivalent is called an object.


For example:

* I put the book on the table.

The word on the front of the sentence is the word (preposition)

1. 1. Descriptive words, phrases, or noun clause that can be used sebgai object to the preposition:

1. Descriptive words as objects

Some descriptive words that time and place can be used as an object to the preposition that addressed the relationship of time or place:

* He has studied hard from then till now.

* Return at five, I Marshall be ready by then.

* She walks about from here to there.

1. Expression as an object

Adverbial phrase (ie phrase that does not end with prepositions or conjunctions) can dipkai as an object as a preposition.

* They come from beyond the Seas.

* She Did not return till about a week afterwards.

1. Son of a noun phrase (noun-clause) as an object.

Noun-Clause (subordinate clause that does the job noun) can be the object for prepositions in the same way as nouns and pronouns.

* My departure will from Depend upon whether or not i get leave

* She Told me of what She Had Heard.

Type of Preposition
A preposition can be classified into 6 types :
1. Simple preposition,
2. Double preposition,
3. Compound preposition,
4. Participial preposition,
5. Phrase preposition,
6. Disquised preposition.
1. 2. Forms of Prepositions

Simple Preposition (Preposisi Tunggal)
1. After (after); at (in, on); by (by: in; with; in the near future); for (to, during, for, for); from (from); of (from; because); over (above); on (at the top; on), in (on; on the inside); through (through); to (to, into); off (apart from; far), till-untill (up, up); under (below); (up (and over; to) with) a; on) and so on.

Double Preposition (preposisi Ganda)
1. Used when a single preposition is not enough to express the meaning:

Into (into); ontology (above); from under (from below); from Among (from among); from off (escape); from within (dar in); over Against (lean on / to) and so on.

Compound Prepostion (Preposisi Gabungan)
1. It was formed from the noun, adjective or adverb is combined with the preposition "be" (= by) or "a" (= on): Across (= on croos) = opposite; along = all; amidst (= on middle) = in middle: behind (= by + Hind) = behind: about (= on + by + out) = in the vicinity; about: above (= on + by + of) = the ATS etc.
Participal Preposition (Preposisi partisip)
Pending During Notwithstanding
Past Except Owing to

Phares Preposition (Preposisi Ungkapan)
Two or more words that are usually arranged in a series of words that end with a single quotable phrase preposition preposition or prepositional Phrases (preposition phrase which was):

Because of By means of By reason of Fo the purpose of
For the sake of In place of In point of In view of
In front of

Disguised Preposition
1. Disguised preposition (preposition Hidden)

This preposition has shown how

"By" can be changed into the form of "be". Example: by + Hind = behind

"A" into the "on": on + cross = Across
1. Differences in specific usage of prepositions is often confusing:
1) At, In (place )
I passed my holidays at batu
He lives in London
2) At, In, On (Time )
I usually get up at five o’clock
He takes a walk in the afternoon
The ship will arrive on Monday
3) At, for ( price )
I cannot buy the goods such a high price
He Bought a book for ten dollars.


4) Beside, besides
He came and sat beside me
We study German besides English
5) Between, among
I sat between the two of them
Devide the aplle among you three
6) By, With
This book was written by me
This letterwas written with a fountain pen
7) By, Before, Since
You must be back at one o’clock
She didn’t get back before 5 o’clock
She has been there since five o’clock
8)In, After
She will finish it in 3 hours He died after a few days.
9) In, into
She spent all the morning in her room
She came into room and sat down
10) To, At
We go to zoo every holiday
Somebody kis stsnding at the door
11) To, Till
We walked to the tenis court and back
I shall stay here till next week


1. Differences general use of prepositions according to what stated:

1) (of, from, through, for, because of, owing to )
He died of cancer
He almost died from fatigue
Owing to bad health, be couldn’t work
2) (to)
To our surprise,
3) (of )
The house of my uncle is very big
4) (for)
She gave me two dollars for that book
5) (instead of, in lieu of, in the place, for)
Some may have used iron for stone A new house stands in the place of the old one
6) Resistance (with, Against)

He was Deeply offended with me

He disputed that point with me

7) The difference (with, for, after, notwith-standing, in spite of)
He is good man, for all that

After all his labours, he has failed

8) Adjustments (after, to)

He is a man after my own heart

This tea is quite to my taste



9) exceptions (except, but, save)

All failed except him

All save one U Were Successful

10) Position Overview

The city of Jakarta

The Island of Bali

11) Materials, the contents and the nature (of)

The house was built of bricks

He drinks a glass of milk Every morning

He is a man of good character

12) The assessment or interest (interest) (at)

This must be done at any rate

13) Quantity or Size (by)

Petrol is sold by the liter

Cloth is sold by the metre


14) Limit or Level (to or up to)

He paid his debt to the last cent

15) Subject (of, on, about, hope to)

Inform her on my arrival
She spoke ill of her step-mother

16) The reason, conclusions and sources (from)

He did it from ignorance = He did it because of ignorance.

From wahat I have seen of. Him ", he Seems to be good man

He sprung from noble Ancestry

17) The direction and purpose (at, on, upon, for, to)

haimned his gun at the Wild Boar

The Troops marched on the town

18) The appointment (of, in)

He is free of responbillity

He is swift of foot

19) Balancing (to), Comparison (than)

I Will bet you five to one his success

He did nothing else than laugh

20) Occupation or position (at, in, about)

He is at his old tricks again

She is clever at translation

21) Appointment of the Oath (by)

I Swear by the name of GOD

22) Preparation (against)

They hoarded them againt a drought

23) The mention of a certain portion (of)

Many of the Wounded U did not recover = many of the people who wound did not heal.

24) Differentiation person or object (from)

Hey Can U tell apples from peaches = He can distinguish apale with peaches.

25) Separation or the fact (from, of, off, out of)

He is away from home
Mangoes are at present out of season

26) above, Beneath

He is above suspicion
His conduct is Beneath Contempt

27) powers (over), the influence of (under)

Since you have been placed over me, I must be Obey
She is quite under your thumb




Use of Prepositions OF

OF is one of the preposition (preposition) the most frequently used. OF can be meaningful rather than (or often shortened to: from) and of (= about). In some ways, OF not be translated.

Like other prepositions, OF is always followed by a noun. Type of noun that can be followed OF uncountable noun (the object can not be calculated), a singular noun (singular object) and the plural noun (plural objects). If followed by a verb, the verb should be in the form of gerund (verb + ing).

OF Use prepositions in general can be grouped into 4, namely:

A. Noun + OF + Noun are used as adjectives

English using MD law (explained explained). That is, adjective placed in front of the noun which He explained. If the adjective is a noun, MD This pattern can be changed to DM (as in the Indonesian language) using the preposition OF.

For example: the University of Indonesia, a house of two stories, the Island of a Thousand Temples, the Island of Paradise, etc..

Here, two stories, Indonesia, a Thousand Temples, and Paradise are nouns which functioned as an adjective. This noun describes a row house, university, and the island.

Example:

1. It's hard to get Accepted at the University of Indonesia.
2. My brother just Bought a house of two stories on Jalan Sudirman.
3. Foreign Tourists in Bali refer as "the Island of a Thousand Temples" or "the Island of Paradise".

OF is not used if the noun is used as the adjective placed in front of the noun which He explained. Let us compare the three sample sentences above with the following sentence:

1. It's hard to get Accepted at Indonesia University. Note: in this pattern, the unnecessary. GRAMMATICALLY incorrect if We say: at the Indonesian University.
2. My brother just Bought a two-story house on Jalan Sudirman.
3. Foreign Tourists Ceilidh refer as "A Thousand-Island Temple" or "A Paradise Island."

Notice: -es/-s on stories and thousand Temples omitted. If nouns are used as an adjective is placed before the noun He explained, is always a singular noun (singular), and never the plural (plural). GRAMMATICALLY incorrect if We say: a house two stories, a Thousand Island-Temples, etc.. (Please refer back to the topic: The use of nouns as adjectives).

B. Determiners + OF + nouns + verbs

For example: many of the cars, much of the furniture, a lot of Those students, etc..

Expression (expression) is generally used to express the quantity (quantity) of an object.

The use of OF in phrases like this sometimes confusing because it is associated with:


* Type of determiner (ie, many, much, Some, any, a lot, Standard Chartered Bank, A Few, etc.) used.
* Type of noun (ie singular vs. plural vs. uncountable noun, and specific vs. specific notes noun) that follow the OF.
* Whether or not to use OF.
* Type of verb (ie, singular versus plural verb) should be used.

Some of the determiner can only be followed by a plural noun, some can only be followed by uncountable noun, and some can be followed by both (uncountable and countable nouns). Determiner also affect the subject-verb agreement. However, by understanding the rules (provisions) in the following table, you'll be safe.

1. Determiner + OF when followed by a plural noun specific.

Determiner (first column) + OF in the following table followed by a plurality of specific objects. To declare that the object is plural specific, we use the, Those, These, possessive adjective (ie my, your, her, his, its, our, on their), one's (ie John's, Sam's, etc.). Note the determiner that is used in the first row and second row, because it is linked with the type of verb.

Many
(A) few
A (great/large) number
Several
Both of the
those
these
possessive adjective
one’s plural noun plural verb
The number
One
Each
Every one
Either
Neither of the
those
these
possessive adjective
one’s plural noun singular verb

Example:
* Many of Those Were cars made in Japan.
* A Few of Those Were cars made in Germany.
* A great number of Those kinds of cars have been Produced in Korea.
* Several of Those Were cars imported from the United States.
* Both of John's cars are very expensive.
* The number of Those cars is around five hundreds
* One of Those cars belongs to my boss.
* Each of Those cars has been Maintained regularly.
* Every one of Those students has to take another exam.
* If either of Those cars gets Stolen, I Will get fired.
* Neither of those cars is mine.

2. Determiner + OF when followed by specific uncountable noun.

OF in the table below followed by specific uncountable noun. To declare that the uncountable noun is specific, we use the, that, this, possessive adjective (ie my, your, her, his, its, our, on their), one's (ie John's, Sam's, etc.). Note the determiner that is used in the first row and second row, because it is linked with the type of verb used. Remember: the correct verb used is singular verb.

Much
(A) little
A (large) amount
The amount of the
that
this
possessive adjective
one’s uncountable noun singular verb

Example:

* Much of this furniture was made of wood.
* A Little of That news was true.
* A large amount of his money has been Stolen.
* The amount of his money is less than U.S. $ 10,000 now.

Note: The use much in positive sentences are rarely used. More commonly used is a lot. Much is generally used for negative sentences and interrogative sentence.

3. Determiner which can be followed by a countable noun and uncountable noun.

OF in the following table followed by a plural noun and uncountable noun specific. Determiner is the same on both lines. Note the difference in the type of verb used in both lines.

All
Most
A lot
Some
Any of the
those
these
possessive adjective
one’s countable noun plural verb


All
Most
A lot
Some
Any of the
that
this
possessive adjective
one’s uncountable noun singular verb

Example:

* All of Those Were chairs made in Jepara.
* Most of my books are out of date.
* A lot of John's ideas Were great.
* Some of the Richest men in the world are from Indonesia.
* I do not like any of Those pictures.
* All of That furniture was made in Jepara.
* Most of my money has been spent out.
* A lot of John's work was great.
* Some of the mud in the Lapindo has been drained into the sea.
* Would you like any of That juice?


Whether OF is also used if the object is not specific?

The answer is no. OF is not used if noun not specific or if we are talking about something in general.

Notice the use of OF of each pair of the following sentence:

* All of These chairs Were Made in Jepara. In this sentence, the speaker is talking about all the chairs that were there (eg in the Hall where he spoke). He did not discuss the existing chairs in Kuta Beach, which exist in Germany, who was at home, and so on. (Specific)
* All chairs are Used for sitting. In this sentence, the speaker is talking about all the seats that may exist; Not only are there in the hall, but also that there are chairs on the beach of Kuta, in Germany, at home and so on. (Not specific)

* Most of These actresses are pretty. (Specific)
* Most actresses are pretty. (Not specific)

* Some of These are very Difficult math problems to solve. (Specific)
* Some math problems very Difficult math problems to solve. (Not specific)

If followed by a non-specific objects, follows only determiner followed by a singular noun (compare with the pattern in B.1):

Each
Every singular noun singular verb
Example:

* Each person has one role.IF incorrect: Each persons has one role.
* Every second counts.IF incorrect: Every seconds counts.
* Everything looks great now. IF incorrect: Everythings look great now.
* Everyone has gone. IF incorrect: Everyones have gone.
* Everybody is invited to my party. IF incorrect: Everybodies are invited to my party.

Note: This pattern has been discussed on the topic: Words always followed by singular verbs.
Use the optional OF

If ALL and BOTH followed by specific nouns, the use of OF is optional (may or may not be used, and both true).

* All of the students in my class are smart.
* All the students in my class are smart.

* All of Those books are mine.
* All Those books are mine.

* I know both of Those shortly.
* Those I know both men.

* Both of Those boys are trying hard to get Susan's attention.
* Both Those boys are trying hard to get Susan's attention.


C. Verb + OF

Be some verbs are often used in conjunction with the OF. OF after the verb in general may be replaced by ABOUT. (Read the topic: preposition Part 2). (See the topic: preposition Part 2). Verbs + OF which is often used both in speaking and writing, among others:

* Think of = think about
* discuss Of = discuss about
* Talk of = talk about
* Dream of = dream about
* Approve of
* Worry of = worry about
* Consist Of
Example:

* I am thinking of mastering Bahasa more seriously.
* We discussed our plan of last night.
* I do not want to talk of it.
* Through hard work, you will from accomplish what you have dreamed of.
* Have your parents approved of your getting married?
* She always Worries of her son's attitude.
* The book consists of ten chapters.


D. Noun + OF

Noun + OF which is often used among others:

* Choice of
* Intention of
* Method of = methods for
* Possibility of

Example:

* The choice of being either a master's in English language or not is all in your own hand.
* Despite Divorce on their, they want notes have no intention of taking care of on their children together.
* I wish I had a better method of teaching Home.
* There is a possibility of increasing in our salary, Is not there?

E. Adjective + OF

Adjective + OF which is often used, among others:

* Afraid of
* Worried of
* Capable of
* Fond of
* Tired of

Example:

* Many people are afraid of dogs.
* I was worried of you so much.
* If you continue practicing your Home, you will from some well capable of speaking English Language.
* Although Mr Red Mango's Not Wear is not extraordinary, are fond of many people listening to it.

REFERENCES
Ahmad, Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic English Grammer. Jakarta :
Azar, Betty Achrampfer. 2000. Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa Aksara
Macmillan, Collier. 1972. English 900. London : English Language Services, Inc
Swijin, Drs. 2007. Perfect English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya
Koentjoro, S.2003. Accurate, Brief and Clear Home Grammar.